Create account

Start with a script, then unlock tools

Accounts use server-side credential auth, signed session cookies, and the same access engine used by middleware and route handlers.

First step

Select your first script

Choose the script you want to study, verify, or follow. You can create an account first or continue from a selected script.

180 / 426 records selectable

Unknown

Unknown

PARTIAL
Unknown glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
SPECIALStart

Common

Common

PARTIAL
Common glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
SPECIALStart

Latin

Latin

VERIFIED
Scriptorium
ItalicStart

Bopomofo

Bopomofo

PARTIAL
Bopomofo glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Inherited

Inherited

PARTIAL
Inherited glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
SPECIALStart

Greek

Greek

PARTIAL
Greek glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Coptic

Coptic

PARTIAL
Coptic glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Cyrillic

Cyrillic

PARTIAL
Cyrillic glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Armenian

Armenian

PARTIAL
Armenian glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Hebrew

עברית

VERIFIED
עברית
Northwest SemiticStart

Arabic

Arabic

PARTIAL
Arabic glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Syriac

Syriac

PARTIAL
Syriac glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Thaana

Thaana

PARTIAL
Thaana glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Nko

Nko

PARTIAL
Nko glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Samaritan

Samaritan

PARTIAL
Samaritan glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Mandaic

Mandaic

PARTIAL
Mandaic glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Devanagari

देवनागरी

VERIFIED
देवनागरी
BrahmicStart

Bengali

Bengali

PARTIAL
Bengali glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Gurmukhi

Gurmukhi

PARTIAL
Gurmukhi glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Gujarati

Gujarati

PARTIAL
Gujarati glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Oriya

Oriya

PARTIAL
Oriya glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Tamil

தமிழ்

VERIFIED
தமிழ்
BrahmicStart

Telugu

Telugu

PARTIAL
Telugu glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Kannada

Kannada

PARTIAL
Kannada glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Malayalam

Malayalam

PARTIAL
Malayalam glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Sinhala

Sinhala

PARTIAL
Sinhala glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Thai

Thai

PARTIAL
Thai glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Laoo

Laoo

PARTIAL
Laoo glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Tibetan

Tibetan

PARTIAL
Tibetan glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Myanmar

Myanmar

PARTIAL
Myanmar glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Georgian

Georgian

PARTIAL
Georgian glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Hangul

Hangul

PARTIAL
Hangul glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Ethiopic

Ethiopic

PARTIAL
Ethiopic glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Cherokee

Cherokee

PARTIAL
Cherokee glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Canadian Aboriginal

Canadian Aboriginal

PARTIAL
Canadian Aboriginal glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Ogham

Ogham

PARTIAL
Ogham glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Runic

Runic

PARTIAL
Runic glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Tagalog

Tagalog

PARTIAL
Tagalog glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Hanunoo

Hanunoo

PARTIAL
Hanunoo glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Buhid

Buhid

PARTIAL
Buhid glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Tagbanwa

Tagbanwa

PARTIAL
Tagbanwa glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Khmer

Khmer

PARTIAL
Khmer glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Mongolian

Mongolian

PARTIAL
Mongolian glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Limbu

Limbu

PARTIAL
Limbu glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Taile

Taile

PARTIAL
Taile glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Newtailue

Newtailue

PARTIAL
Newtailue glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Buginese

Buginese

PARTIAL
Buginese glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Taitham

Taitham

PARTIAL
Taitham glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Balinese

Balinese

PARTIAL
Balinese glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Sundanese

Sundanese

PARTIAL
Sundanese glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Batak

Batak

PARTIAL
Batak glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Lepcha

Lepcha

PARTIAL
Lepcha glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Olchiki

Olchiki

PARTIAL
Olchiki glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Braille

Braille

PARTIAL
Braille glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Glagolitic

Glagolitic

PARTIAL
Glagolitic glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Tifinagh

Tifinagh

PARTIAL
Tifinagh glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Hani

Hani

PARTIAL
Hani glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Hiragana

Hiragana

PARTIAL
Hiragana glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Katakana

Katakana

PARTIAL
Katakana glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Yiii

Yiii

PARTIAL
Yiii glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Lisu

Lisu

PARTIAL
Lisu glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Vaii

Vaii

PARTIAL
Vaii glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Bamum

Bamum

PARTIAL
Bamum glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Sylotinagri

Sylotinagri

PARTIAL
Sylotinagri glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Phagspa

Phagspa

PARTIAL
Phagspa glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Saurashtra

Saurashtra

PARTIAL
Saurashtra glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Kayahli

Kayahli

PARTIAL
Kayahli glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Rejang

Rejang

PARTIAL
Rejang glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Javanese

Javanese

PARTIAL
Javanese glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Cham

Cham

PARTIAL
Cham glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Taiviet

Taiviet

PARTIAL
Taiviet glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Meetei Mayek

Meetei Mayek

PARTIAL
Meetei Mayek glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Linear B

Linear B

PARTIAL
Linear B glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Lycian

Lycian

PARTIAL
Lycian glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Carian

Carian

PARTIAL
Carian glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Old Italic

Old Italic

PARTIAL
Old Italic glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Gothic

Gothic

PARTIAL
Gothic glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Old Permic

Old Permic

PARTIAL
Old Permic glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Ugaritic

Ugaritic

PARTIAL
Ugaritic glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Old Persian

Old Persian

PARTIAL
Old Persian glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Deseret

Deseret

PARTIAL
Deseret glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Shavian

Shavian

PARTIAL
Shavian glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Osmanya

Osmanya

PARTIAL
Osmanya glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Osage

Osage

PARTIAL
Osage glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Elbasan

Elbasan

PARTIAL
Elbasan glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Caucasianalbanian

Caucasianalbanian

PARTIAL
Caucasianalbanian glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Vithkuqi

Vithkuqi

PARTIAL
Vithkuqi glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Todhri

Todhri

PARTIAL
Todhri glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Linear A

Linear A

PARTIAL
Linear A glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Cypriot

Cypriot

PARTIAL
Cypriot glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Imperial Aramaic

Imperial Aramaic

PARTIAL
Imperial Aramaic glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Palmyrene

Palmyrene

PARTIAL
Palmyrene glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Nabataean

Nabataean

PARTIAL
Nabataean glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Hatran

Hatran

PARTIAL
Hatran glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Phoenician

Phoenician

PARTIAL
Phoenician glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Lydian

Lydian

PARTIAL
Lydian glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Sidetic

Sidetic

PARTIAL
Sidetic glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Meroitic Hieroglyphs

Meroitic Hieroglyphs

PARTIAL
Meroitic Hieroglyphs glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Meroitic Cursive

Meroitic Cursive

PARTIAL
Meroitic Cursive glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Kharoshthi

Kharoshthi

PARTIAL
Kharoshthi glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Old South Arabian

Old South Arabian

PARTIAL
Old South Arabian glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Old North Arabian

Old North Arabian

PARTIAL
Old North Arabian glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Manichaean

Manichaean

PARTIAL
Manichaean glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Avestan

Avestan

PARTIAL
Avestan glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Inscriptional Parthian

Inscriptional Parthian

PARTIAL
Inscriptional Parthian glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Inscriptional Pahlavi

Inscriptional Pahlavi

PARTIAL
Inscriptional Pahlavi glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Psalter Pahlavi

Psalter Pahlavi

PARTIAL
Psalter Pahlavi glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Old Turkic

Old Turkic

PARTIAL
Old Turkic glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Old Hungarian

Old Hungarian

PARTIAL
Old Hungarian glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Hanifi Rohingya

Hanifi Rohingya

PARTIAL
Hanifi Rohingya glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Garay

Garay

PARTIAL
Garay glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Yezidi

Yezidi

PARTIAL
Yezidi glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Old Sogdian

Old Sogdian

PARTIAL
Old Sogdian glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Sogdian

Sogdian

PARTIAL
Sogdian glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Old Uyghur

Old Uyghur

PARTIAL
Old Uyghur glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Chorasmian

Chorasmian

PARTIAL
Chorasmian glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Elymaic

Elymaic

PARTIAL
Elymaic glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Brahmi

Brahmi

PARTIAL
Brahmi glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Kaithi

Kaithi

PARTIAL
Kaithi glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Sorasompeng

Sorasompeng

PARTIAL
Sorasompeng glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Chakma

Chakma

PARTIAL
Chakma glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Mahajani

Mahajani

PARTIAL
Mahajani glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Sharada

Sharada

PARTIAL
Sharada glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Khojki

Khojki

PARTIAL
Khojki glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Multani

Multani

PARTIAL
Multani glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Khudawadi

Khudawadi

PARTIAL
Khudawadi glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Grantha

Grantha

PARTIAL
Grantha glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Tulu-Tigalari

Tulu-Tigalari

PARTIAL
Tulu-Tigalari glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Newa

Newa

PARTIAL
Newa glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Tirhuta

Tirhuta

PARTIAL
Tirhuta glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Siddham

Siddham

PARTIAL
Siddham glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Modi

Modi

PARTIAL
Modi glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Takri

Takri

PARTIAL
Takri glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Ahom

Ahom

PARTIAL
Ahom glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Dogra

Dogra

PARTIAL
Dogra glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Warangciti

Warangciti

PARTIAL
Warangciti glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Dives Akuru

Dives Akuru

PARTIAL
Dives Akuru glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Nandinagari

Nandinagari

PARTIAL
Nandinagari glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Zanabazar Square

Zanabazar Square

PARTIAL
Zanabazar Square glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Soyombo

Soyombo

PARTIAL
Soyombo glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Pau Cin Hau

Pau Cin Hau

PARTIAL
Pau Cin Hau glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Sunuwar

Sunuwar

PARTIAL
Sunuwar glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Bhaiksuki

Bhaiksuki

PARTIAL
Bhaiksuki glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Marchen

Marchen

PARTIAL
Marchen glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Masaram Gondi

Masaram Gondi

PARTIAL
Masaram Gondi glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Gunjala Gondi

Gunjala Gondi

PARTIAL
Gunjala Gondi glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Tolongsiki

Tolongsiki

PARTIAL
Tolongsiki glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Makasar

Makasar

PARTIAL
Makasar glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Kawi

Kawi

PARTIAL
Kawi glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Cuneiform

Cuneiform

PARTIAL
Cuneiform glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Cyprominoan

Cyprominoan

PARTIAL
Cyprominoan glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Egyptianhieroglyphs

Egyptianhieroglyphs

PARTIAL
Egyptianhieroglyphs glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Anatolianhieroglyphs

Anatolianhieroglyphs

PARTIAL
Anatolianhieroglyphs glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Gurung Khema

Gurung Khema

PARTIAL
Gurung Khema glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Mroo

Mroo

PARTIAL
Mroo glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Tangsa

Tangsa

PARTIAL
Tangsa glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Bassavah

Bassavah

PARTIAL
Bassavah glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Pahawhhmong

Pahawhhmong

PARTIAL
Pahawhhmong glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Kirat Rai

Kirat Rai

PARTIAL
Kirat Rai glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Medefaidrin

Medefaidrin

PARTIAL
Medefaidrin glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Beria Erfe

Beria Erfe

PARTIAL
Beria Erfe glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Miao

Miao

PARTIAL
Miao glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Tangut

Tangut

PARTIAL
Tangut glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Nushu

Nushu

PARTIAL
Nushu glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Khitansmallscript

Khitansmallscript

PARTIAL
Khitansmallscript glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Duployan

Duployan

PARTIAL
Duployan glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Signwriting

Signwriting

PARTIAL
Signwriting glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong

Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong

PARTIAL
Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Toto

Toto

PARTIAL
Toto glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Wancho

Wancho

PARTIAL
Wancho glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Nagmundari

Nagmundari

PARTIAL
Nagmundari glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Olonal

Olonal

PARTIAL
Olonal glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Taiyo

Taiyo

PARTIAL
Taiyo glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Mende Kikakui

Mende Kikakui

PARTIAL
Mende Kikakui glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Adlam

Adlam

PARTIAL
Adlam glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Katakana Or Hiragana

Katakana Or Hiragana

PARTIAL
Katakana Or Hiragana glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
UNICODE_SCRIPTStart

Aramaic

Aramaic

VERIFIED
𐡀𐡓𐡌𐡉𐡀
Northwest SemiticStart

Kharosthi

Kharosthi

PARTIAL
Kharosthi glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
IndicStart

Gandhari Manuscripts

Gandhari manuscripts

PARTIAL
Gandhari Manuscripts glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
Buddhist manuscript transmissionStart

Central Asian Buddhist Transmission

Central Asian Buddhist transmission

PARTIAL
Central Asian Buddhist Transmission glyph verification requiredglyph pending verification
Buddhist manuscript transmissionStart
246 target slots remain unavailable until each script has sources, verification status, and a safe glyph policy.

Learner

Follow scripts, courses, and verified glyph updates.

Researcher

Track source status, references, and verification gaps.

Reviewer

Prepare for admin approval workflows after real auth is connected.